Euthanasia Murder or Mercy Essay - 1665 Words

Our modern day society has been recurrently challenged on many topics that have been deemed as â€Å"moralistically impacting.† It is accepted today that a problem cannot be solved in modern day society unless adequate proof is offered to manipulate the stalwart beliefs of many individuals in a way as to reach an impasse amongst two opposing parties. Euthanasia happens to be a topic that has been debated extensively for the larger part of the twenty-first century (Larue). Even the definition of euthanasia evokes mixed emotions: the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy (Merriam-Webster). The struggle over whether euthanasia should be†¦show more content†¦After all, a life is a life. If an individual takes a life, it is not uncommon for feelings of remorse to be experienced. These feelings affect not only the individual who commits the deed, but also the family of the euthanized patient (Impact). Once a family member has been euthanized, it generally leaves the family with a sense of overwhelming guilt. A thought to consider: the members of the euthanized individual are responsible for that patient (Pollard). This concept usually becomes a major problem for members of the family after the death of their loved one; members of the family sometimes wonder if the patient made the correct decision, or if something might have changed to where the individual could have been healed of their ailment (). Even worse, the next question also does not have a debatable medium: What circumstances can allow euthanasia to be considered justifiable (Ethics Guide BBC)? Many consider euthanasia to be a practical option if a patient is considered terminally ill, but what exactly is the definition of terminally, in this case? Definitions vary (Arguments). These broad definitions result in an indefinable line for what is considered acceptable by people in terms or w hether a patient is truly considered terminally ill. To worsen the problem, some medical professionals have begun manipulating the original definition that was previously mentioned into what they believe is a more accurate reflection of a patient that they thinkShow MoreRelated Euthanasia Essay: Mercy Killing or Murder?1333 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia: Mercy Killing or Murder?      Ã‚   We, as humans, are mortal beings.   Our life span is finite.   Even though we are mortal, we try to hang onto our lives as long as we can; fear of death and wanting to live forever are, after all, part of human nature.   Sometimes, however, the field of medicine capitalizes on this aspect of humanity. While it is certainly true that one goal of medicine has always been to prolong life, another goal has been the alleviation of pain and suffering.   One pointRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia as Mercy or Murder1311 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia as Mercy or Murder In keeping with the root definition of euthanasia- literally [meaning] good death- [supporters] of euthanasia insist they are talking about helping terminally ill patients in insufferable pain die a dignified death- at the patients request. But this bears no resemblance to the true picture of the actual practice of euthanasia in the United States (Lyons np). Passive euthanasia is death by nonintervention, meaning a health care worker can discontinueRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia: Mercy or Murder?2228 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to the Collins Canadian English Dictionary euthanasia is defined as â€Å"the act of killing someone painlessly, especially to relieve his or her suffering† (2004). Not everyone agrees with this definition. I have always believed that euthanasia was the human choice of ending another persons life because of the excruciating pain they are suffering due to an incurable disease. Some disciplines think that euthanasia should never be an option no matter what the situation. While other disciplinesRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?864 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, there have been practices of mercy killing for incurable animals. If the animals seem impossible to recover their health, a veterinarian is able to help them reach to death. Though there are some people disagreeing with animal mercy killing, most of people agree on it and it is legal. However, when it comes to human, there is a furious controversy over euthanasia. Because there is a sharp conflict on the issue, some countries accept mercy killing lawful while others do not. The mainRead MoreEuthanasia: Not Morally Acceptable Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing essay, I argue that euthanasia is not morally acceptable because it always involves killing, and undermines intrinsic value of human being. The moral basis on which euthanasia defends its position is contradictory and arbitrary in that its moral values represented in such terms as ‘mercy killing’, ‘dying with dignity’, ‘good death’ and ‘right for self-determinatio n’ fail to justify taking one’s life. Introduction Among other moral issues, euthanasia emerged with modern medical advancementRead MoreThe Bible And The Teachings Of Jesus1491 Words   |  6 Pagesspecifically mention euthanasia, it does address closely related topics. Euthanasia is essentially killing out of mercy, hence the name ‘mercy killing’. The bible tells us that we are not to murder (Exodus 20:13) and any form of taking a life is seen as killing. It says that we die when God chooses us to, and to murder is an attempt to deny God his right of appointing death. Therefore, ‘mercy killing’ is going against God’s will and is a sin. The sixth commandment is â€Å"You shall not murder†, and that justifiesRead MoreMercy Killing1489 Words   |  6 PagesMercy Killing or Just Plain Killing: The Euthanasia Debate For as long as people have been around, we have been dying. While this very well may seem to be pointing out the obvious, so many of us forget that we, as humans, are mortal beings. Our life span is definitely finite, and it should be. Just think what would happen if nobody ever died. Even though we are mortal, we try to hang onto our lives as long as we can. Fear of death and wanting to live forever are, after all, part of humanRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1490 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay 1 November 2015 Word Count - 1488 Mercy or No Mercy Soul is immortal. But body is mortal. In life there could be multiple problems. Some problems could be life threatening. There are some stages in life where one has to make decisions. Imagine you are in a place where you lost all your vital abilities and you have to spend your entire life like that. Your family and friend are in pain too just like you are in pain. What would you do? Euthanasia is and act where a person assist the deathRead MoreEuthanasia: The Right to Die Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia, which is also referred to as mercy killing, is the act of ending someone’s life either passively or actively, usually for the purpose of relieving pain and suffering. â€Å"All forms of euthanasia require an intention to accelerate death in order to benefit patients experiencing a poor quality of life† (Sayers, 2005). It is a highly controversial subject that often leaves a person with mixed emotions and beliefs. Opinions regarding this topic hinge on the he alth and mental state of the victimRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?901 Words   |  4 Pages Legalized Murder? Euthanasia allows someone who is suffering from a painful, terminal illness or is comatose to die painlessly. The word â€Å"euthanasia† is made up of two Greek words—â€Å"eu† means good and â€Å"thanatos† means death. Thus, the word â€Å"euthanasia† translates to â€Å"a good death.† The concept of euthanasia has been around since the 14th century. Even then, it caused much controversy among physicians, lawyers, sociologists and psychologists, making it one of the most complex problems of the modern

Essay on Toni Morrisons Beloved - Freedom and Independence

Freedom and Independence in Beloved Toni Morrison’s important novel Beloved is a forceful picture of the black American experience. By exploring the impact slavery had on the community, Beloved evolves around issues of race, gender, and the supernatural. By revealing the story of slavery and its components, Morrison declares the importance of independence as best depicted by Sixo. The combination of an individual amongst a community sets forth the central theme of moving from slavery to freedom and reconnecting with family and community. Sixo is one of the nine slaves living on Sweet Home, a Kentucky plantation. A young man in his twenties, Morrison introduces him as â€Å"the wild man† (11) without explanation. Later, Paul†¦show more content†¦The communal was the only memory of Sweet Home openly discussed by the characters of the story. It was their only asset. To Sixo, his community was handed to him along with the chains tearing the flesh of his ankles. Sixo seeks for individualism, a life in which he can create his own circumstances and outcomes. Morrison uses Sixo as an escape from the constant depression and oppression located amongst the text of Beloved. The Thirty-Mile Woman is a symbol of Sixo’s independence. He is a black man who is not afraid to fight back. As such, he poses a serious threat to the institution of slavery. For years, slavery was based on the constant oppression of blacks; Sixo exerts himself as an individual among an oppressed community and threatens the fou ndation in which slavery has thrived upon. Despite the fact that slavery denies the slave the right of personal relationships, he â€Å"walked for seventeen hours, sat down for one, turned around and walked for seventeen more,† (21) to forge a relationship with a woman and perpetuate his liberty. Sixo embodies Beloved’s search for a better life and true freedom as experienced by other characters. Amy’s search for velvet, Paul’s search for himself, and Sethe’s effort to release the past are metaphors for a free future. Even when the Sweet Home slaves are caught escaping, Sixo â€Å"pushes the Thirty-Mile Woman† and runs â€Å"the other way† (225) to protect his future, his independence, andShow MoreRelated Toni Morrisons Beloved: Not a Story to be Passed On Essay example5432 Words   |  22 PagesToni Morrisons Beloved: Not a Story to be Passed On Beloved, Toni Morrisons Nobel Prize winning novel, is a masterfully written book in which the characters must deal with a past that perpetually haunts them.   This haunting, in the form of a twenty year old ghost named Beloved, not only stalks them in the spirit, but also in the flesh.   Beloved, both in story and in character hides the truth in simple ways and convinces those involved that the past never leaves, it only becomes part of who

Civil War - Radical Reconstruction free essay sample

Another very important goal of the radicals was to aid the freed slaves. Equality for blacks was a hope the Radicals hoped to obtain, but it was also an effective way to retain Republican power. If the Radicals help Blacks, then Blacks will become Republican, thus increasing republican power. Using Legislature, the Radicals hoped to acquire all these things. The first victory for the Radicals was the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. One of the main obstacles the Radicals came across was the opposition by Andrew Jackson. Jackson immediately vetoed the Civil Rights Act as soon as he could.But the Radicals held most of the power in Congress and overrode his veto. Due to Johnnys resistance, Congress took it a step further and then passed the 14th Amendment. ;All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. We will write a custom essay sample on Civil War Radical Reconstruction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its restriction the equal protection of the Amendment.Both of these basically protected the rights of the blacks and hoped to bring about equality. These actions by Congress didnt sit to well with the South. The South particularly resented the actions of the newly established Freedmans Bureau, which Congress established to feed, protect, and help educate the freed slaves. With the exception of Tennessee, all Southern states refused to follow the 14th Amendment. To counteract the South s actions, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This was a strong blow to the South.The act: put he South under military rule, dividing it into five military districts, each governed by a northern general; forced southern states to create a new constitution; allowed all qualified male voters to vote, including Blacks; banned southerners who supported the confederacy to vote; required equal rights for all citizens; and required states to accept the 14th Amendment. The Act met with mulch opposition. Even under military rule, Whites killed, beat, and burned any blacks they could find. Blacks were lynched by the hundreds. Along with the South, Andrew Johnson resented the actions of the Radicals. In response to the newly passed Tenure of Office Act passed in 1867 (which required Senate approval for the removal of a government official), Johnson fired Edwin Stanton (a friend of the Radicals) without Senates approval. The showdown between Johnson and the Radicals heated up. Led by Stevens and Sumner, Johnson was the first president to be impeached. Johnson was tried for ;high crimes and misdemeanors. Quota; Johnson was one vote from being removed from office when the Senate voted. By June 1868, under the Military Reconstruction Act, Congress had readmitted Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama and Florida, to the Union. In many of these seven states, most of the governors, representatives and senators were northern men called carpetbaggers who had gone South after the war to make their political fortunes, often teaming up with newly freed Blacks. In Louisiana and South Carolina, Blacks actually gained a majority of the seats.The last three Southern states: Mississippi, Texas and Virginia finally were readmitted to the Union in 1870. In 1 870 another Civil Rights Act was passed, and was immediately followed by he 15th Amendment. ;The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color or previous conditions of servitude. ; -1 5th Amendment. The right of Blacks being able to vote was a big deal in the South.At the start of Reconstruction, nearly 90% of Blacks lived in the South. In many places, Blacks were the majority. As a result of the 1 5th Amendment, many Blacks were elected to positions in office. Seventeen Blacks were elected to serve in the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate. Balance K. Bruce and Hiram Revels from Mississippi were the first Blacks to be elected to the U. S. Senate. All of these elected officials were Republicans. In fact, of the Republican voters in the South were Black men.Because Blacks were the majority of the South, Whites feared they were going to take over the political system in the South. Many Southern Whites who felt threatened, turned to illegal means stop Blacks from getting equality. Violence against Blacks became more and more popular. Led by the UK Klux Klan and other organizations, Whites killed and beat Blacks throughout the South. The ASK even would wait by voting booths and beat Blacks if they did not vote the way they wanted the Blacks to. This led to the passage Of the Enforcement Act in 1870.

Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act

Terrorism and coordination of intelligence have been some of the major challenges facing the United States in the twenty first century. The intelligence community has over time been revealed to lag and lose impetus when managing intelligence which led to the introduction of the recommendations of the 9/11 commission of 2002 as well as the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission on intelligence community reform The 9/11 commission was a body that was established in November 2002 after the 11th September 2001 attack on the United States in which more than two thousand people died. The attack was said to be the boldest act of terrorism against the United States when terrorists hijacked two passenger planes and crashed them into the towers of the wo rld trade centre (Cumming 2). The United States under President Bush discovered that they like other countries were also vulnerable to terrorism and the 9/11 commission was founded to investigate the reasons for the incapacity of America to foretell and prevent the attacks as well as derive recommendations from their findings that would ensure terrorist attacks would never happen on American soil(Wentworth 3). The intelligence community was especially culpable of negligence, after it was discovered that information regarding the September attack had surfaced in various agencies prior to the attack but there was a lack of coordination regarding that information hence different agencies had bits of different information which was more or less useless, it was enjoined with information from other agencies (Farmer 56). The major recommendations that were presented by the 9/11 commission included the following; The 9/11 commission recommended the establishment of the Terrorist Threat Inte gration Centre (TTIC). This body would be in charge of compiling and analyzing information regarding terrorism threats and the collection of the information would be done both locally and in foreign countries (Farmer 59). The TTIC was to be made up of both intelligence and law enforcement bodies to facilitate for efficient information recovery and similar response to a positively identified threat. The TTIC will therefore have among them members of the FBI, CIA, DOD, DHS, police and the Department of Justice and the TTIC was to be under the control of the National Counterterrorism Centre (Kean Hamilton 84). The 9/11 commission furthermore recommended the formation of the Terrorist Screening Centre to keep updated information on all known terrorists and supply this information to all entry points to the United States(Fenster 5). The information would also be supplies to other countries to monitor the activities of known terror suspects (Cumming 5).Advertising Looking for essay on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major role of the Centre would therefore be to ensure that screeners and investigating agents are all referred to a similar set of integrated, comprehensive anti-terrorist information. The 9/11 commission also recommended that the centre be properly equipped with manpower and expertise that would enable them to operate promptly when a suspected terrorist is identified (Wentworth 4). The 9/11 commission in addition recommended a far-reaching reformation of the Federal government through the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). DHS was responsible for assembling more than twenty bodies which had more than two hundred thousand staff. Each member of each body has a key role to play in important homeland security operations. The end result was a single Federal department whose main objective and purpose of formation was to protect the United States against terrorist threats (Kean Hamilton 89). Furthermore, the 9/11 commission recommended the establishment of the Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN), a synchronized partnership structure connected to all concerned agencies. The use of the structure would be to monitor and report global terror patterns and also identify potential terrorist acts. The 9/11 commission recommended that the HSIN to be connected to all major urban areas in the United States and also have surveillance activity in all the states of America. The 9/11 commission advised the restructuring of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to allow for the extensive investigation of terrorism under this body (Farmer 65). The 9/11 also commission recommended the reorganization of the FBI in order to transform it into an agency that was also concerned with the preclusion of terrorism through the compilation of intelligence as well as the use of other relevant means. The role of intelligence collection for the FBI w ith regards to terrorism was recommended to be supplementary in addition to its capacity to carry out its conventional responsibility of a highly respected law enforcement agency (Thompson Seidner 11). The major IC components of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 introduced an amalgamated approach to its operational mechanism to in its effect reach equilibrium between the needs of both the community and the agencies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There was to be a total of seventeen components under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act with an innovative human resource management program with some components relinquishing part of their legal sovereignty in order to create a powerful and unified entity (Thompson Seidner 14). Th is called for vigorous changes to the entire system and management framework. The major components of the new system are; Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) recommended and facilitated for the formation of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) as an autonomous body that would provide the Director for National Intelligence with complementary assistance. The Office of the Director of National Intelligence is the parent body to the National Counterterrorism Centre organization and the body has more than a thousand staff members (Wentworth 6). Further changes to the organizational structure of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence came in 2007 when the Director of National Intelligence pronounced several modifications to the organizational structures. These changes included the introduction of an Executive Committee responsible for jointly making formal decisions based on intelligence and the creation of a new Deputy position to the Director of National Intelligence Who would be responsible for; Policy, Planning, and Requirements contrary to the previous Deputy to the Director of National Intelligence who was only responsible for requirements position. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 gave the central intelligence agency an essential role however some of the agency’s clout were transferred to the Director of National Intelligence (Thompson Seidner 12). The Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) which is now Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DCIA) was previously the head of the Central Intelligence Agency and he supervised the Intelligence Community and also acted as the president’s primary intelligence advisor (Cumming 9). The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency therefore has no mandate over other agencies rather is the head of the Central Intelligence Age ncy only. Currently, the CIA as well as all other Intelligence Community agencies works under the leadership of the Director of National Intelligence (Thompson Seidner 15).Advertising Looking for essay on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Department of Defence (DOD) The department of defence is the other main IC component of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act. The Department of Defence is broad and is made up of several other agencies that were instituted to help protect the interest of the society (Thompson Seidner 16). The agencies within the Department of Defence are mainly tactical units and function outside the borders of the United States. Some of the groups that function under the Department of Defence include the Marine Corps, the United States Navy, the United States army and the United States air force (Thompson Seidner 17). These groups work under the authority of the office of the secretary of defence. Other agencies that operate under the department of defence include National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA). Civilian Agencies These are agencies that execute their duties in a clandestine manner hence are able to ope rate within the borders of the United States. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act allowed for the classification of these agencies into different departments in order to facilitate the holistic procurement of intelligence in all sectors within the United States. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) together with the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is now under the Department of justice (Cumming 12). United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) embraces the United States Coast Guard (USCG) together with the Intelligence agency (IA). Other civilian agencies include, the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) under the department of state and the Office of Intelligence and Analysis (OIA) under the US Department of the Treasury. Compare and contrast the 9/11 Commission recommendations with the IRTPA The recommendations of the 9/11 commission as well as the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act had a lot in common as far as their fundamental persp ectives were concerned. Both the recommendations and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act were first and foremost driven by a need to change the government’s approach towards terrorism (Farmer 83). The recommendations came at a time when the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism was exposed and drastic measures needed to be put in place to ensure that such an occurrence would never happen again (Kean Hamilton 104). There is however a â€Å"difference in the way the recommendations of the 9/11 commission and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act sought to curb the terrorism threat† (Kean Hamilton 112). Recommendations of the 9/11 commission identified several failed mechanisms in the security and justice system that provided the fissure that was being exploited by terrorists. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act on the other hand sought to reinforce measures that had already been put in place, by altering the or ganizational structure of the intelligence community to facilitate an easier flow of information within and between agencies. Therefore even though both the 9/11 commission recommendations and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act performed a similar task of fighting terrorism, they differed in the way both were implemented (Kean Hamilton 112). Both the recommendations of the 9/11 commission and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act had a direct effect on the intelligence community. The recommendations directly affected the intelligence community in that they provided a different approach as to how agencies and organizations in the community were to relate to each other in terms of sharing information. The recommendations went ahead to offer innovative opinions as to how new agencies and organizations would be created to perform a task that was earlier being performed by the intelligence community for instance the monitoring of terrorists through scree ning agencies(Wentworth 7). On the other hand, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act also had a direct effect in how the intelligence community was to be governed (Fenster 7). The act was successful in shifting power from one agency to another or from one individual to another. New positions were also created within the organizational structure for example the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DCIA) a position that was not previously present. How the IRTPA will impact on the national intelligence community The impact of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act on the national intelligence community in America was exceptional. This is because the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act sought to restructure the entire intelligence community in order to facilitate a better flow of information as well as efficient coordination of operations. Previously, the Central Intelligence Agency was responsible for acquisition and distribution of inf ormation to and from other agencies. The Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) reported directly to the president in matters regarding intelligence (Cumming 12). However, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act proposed and implemented a system whereby the Central Intelligence Agency and indeed all other agencies were no longer autonomous but worked under the guardianship of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). The national intelligence community was hence diverted from once centre of power to another (Thompson Seidner 17). The Office of the Director of National Intelligence was consequently transformed into the most powerful intelligence office and the Director of National Intelligence was transformed into the head of all intelligence activities (Fenster 8). The national intelligence community was also split into two tiers contrary to the previous top-down approach that was one directional and hence was complex with a lot of information being l ost along the way due to the number of veto points(Cumming 14). The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act facilitated an easier approach to the transmission of information with all components being required to gather information and pass it to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence where it would be compiled and analyzed (Wentworth 7). The national intelligence community can therefore work more effectively and cover a broader scope of information because of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act. Though not as autonomous as before, components of the intelligence community have a diverse threshold for intelligence collection due to the enhanced collaboration with other agencies. How the reforms will impact on the various agencies The 9/11 commission recommendations and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act were to introduce rigorous reforms in all the units in the intelligence community. Most affected would be the Central Intellige nce Agency because of its position in regard to information (Kean Hamilton 98). The Central Intelligence Agency was the chief intelligence centre with all other agencies being obliged to surrender their intelligence to the agency (Cumming). This means the Central Intelligence Agency was extremely powerful and also the head of the community (Farmer 86). The enactment of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act meant that the clout the Central Intelligence Agency bore was transferred to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. The Federal Bureau of Investigation was also drastically affected by the recommendations of the 9/11 commission to include the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the war against terrorism (Fenster 11). This meant that the staff of the FBI who were mostly involved in domestic criminal activities would be required to become conversant with terrorist activities and basically form and staff an entire division to deal with terrorism (Farmer 9 0). Though other agencies mostly had a reduction in clout, they were also affected in terms of jurisdiction meaning that matters they previously had authority over were no longer accessible. Consequently, some departments and specialists were transferred to other agencies or became redundant. Conclusion America’s need for security escalated after the twin tower bombings and legislators in the house of congress were desperate to reassure the American citizens of their safety especially from terrorism. The president assigned the 9/11 commission after the September bombings and the role of that commission was to come up with recommendations that would minimize the possibility of another terrorist attack on American soil. After the recommendations were compiled, most of them were approved by the Senate and the House of representatives. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act gained a lot of popularity because the country was losing confidence in the intelligence comm unity. Legislators have been adamant in the reorganization of the intelligence community especially after it was discovered that there was a possibility that some agencies knew of an impending attack before the twin tower bombing. Policy makers needed to restore order in the intelligence community which was seemingly unable to coordinate intelligence between its ranks. The introduction of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act by U.S. Senator Susan M. Collins was viewed as a required break for the conventional intelligence community with the senate approving the bill in a 96 to2 vote. The Act was then enacted into law on December 17, 2004 after President George W. Bush signed it. Works Cited Cumming, Alfred. CRS report for congress. CRS,  2004. Web. Farmer, John. The Ground Truth: The Untold Story of America under Attack on 9/11. New York: Riverhead Books, 2009. Print. Fenster, Mark. Designing Transparency: The 9/11 Commission and Institutional Form,  2005. Web. Ke an, Thomas Hamilton, Lee. Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission. New York: Random House, 2006. Print. Thompson, James Seidner, Rob. Federated human resource management in the federal government: the intelligence community model, 2009. Web. Wentworth, Donna. 9/11 Legislation Launches Misguided Data-Mining and Domestic Surveillance Schemes,  2004. Web. 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